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| Working Paper 61 - Is the World Running Out of Oil? A Review of the Debate | February 2005 |
| The possibility of sustained high world oil prices has fuelled concern over long-term supply. The question is particularly relevant for transport as a major user of oil with few viable alternatives. The aim of this Working Paper is to provide an objective summary and analysis of the main issues in the debate. |
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| Appropriateness of a 350 Million Litre Biofuels Target | December 2003 |
| In July 2003 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, jointly with BTRE and the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, were asked to investigate the appropriateness of maintaining an objective that biofuels, produced in Australia from renewable resources, contribute at least 350 ML to the total fuel supply by 2010. |
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| Information Sheet 18 - Fuel Consumption by New Passenger Vehicles in Australia | September 2002 |
| BTRE has examined trends in the fuel consumption of new passenger vehicles. The overall trend in fuel consumption was down during the 1980s. However during the 1990s, a more gradual reduction in the fuel consumption of cars, coupled with increasing sales of 4-wheel-drive vehicles, saw fuel consumption for new passenger vehicles as a whole stabilise. |
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| Report 106: Benefits of flood mitigation in Australia | May 2002 |
| This is the third publication contributing to the regional theme of natural disaster research identified in the BTRE's research program. This report follows on from Report 103 (Economic Costs of Natural Disasters in Australia), which examined natural disasters with an individual cost of more than $10 million. Report 103 found that floods are Australia's most costly disaster type and, on average, cost the Australian community over $300 million each year. |
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| Working Paper 37 - Tradeable Permits in Transport | March 1998 |
| Much of the literature on tradable permits focuses on the international implications of tradable permits or on general theoretical issues. This paper focuses instead on the practical implications for the transport sector of a national or international scheme. |
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| Working Paper 32 - Roads, Vehicle Performance and Greenhouse: Costs and Emission Benefits of Smoother Highways | May 1997 |
| Previous BTCE work (Report 94) has established that reductions in pavement roughness reduce fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions (end-use only) and vehicle operating costs. This Paper evaluates the effects on greenhouse gas emissions and vehicle operating costs of reducing the roughness of the National Highway System and the Pacific Highway over the period 1996-2015. The analysis takes account of the emissions involved in the production, transport and application of road rehabilitation materials. Some results of case studies of recently completed highway rehabilitation projects are included in the Paper. |
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| Report 92: Traffic Congestion and Road User Charges in Australian Capital Cities | March 1996 |
| Urban travel behaviour is very complex. Analysts have tried to capture its main features in models that provide estimates of the levels and patterns of traffic on the urban road network. While the models are correspondingly complex, they are still radical simplifications of real urban systems. Their treatment of some aspects of travel behaviour can only be described as rudimentary. Nevertheless, they represent the state of the art in quantitative urban transport analysis, and they provide a valuable framework for thinking about urban policy issues. |
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| Occasional Paper 115: Trading Greenhouse Emissions: Some Australian Perspectives | January 1996 |
| A collection of contributions by leading Australians in the field, this publication presents a range of perspectives on domestic and international trading of greenhouse emissions. It contains a high-level view of Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol and associated negotiations, and explains current Australian programs and policies with respect to reducing greenhouse emissions and generating carbon sinks. This paper was authored by Dr Leo Dobes. |
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| Occasional Paper 110 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australian Transport 1900 and 2000 | March 1995 |
| Comparable figures are provided for the first time on emissions of greenhouse gases from the Australian transport sector in 1900 and 2000. Greenhouse emissions from the transport sector increased ten-fold twentieth century, but Australia's population has increased five-fold, and real GDP 23 times, while urban densities are now only about one third of those in 1900. Within the limits of long-term historical comparisons, it is concluded that use of the internal combustion engine itself has not contributed disproportionately to greenhouse emissions in the transport sector. However, electric vehicles would have been better. This paper was authored by Dr Leo Dobes. |
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| Report 88: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Australian Transport: Long Term Projections | March 1995 |
| This Report provides a 'business as usual' scenario for the emission of greenhouse gases from the Australian transport sector for the period 1993-94 to 2014-15. Models for emissions from cars, trucks, rail, sea and air transport reflect sectoral activity, fuel intensity and emission intensity factors. The models indicate that emissions from the Australian car fleet over the next two decades will decline while emissions from trucks and aircraft are likely to grow quite strongly. Background information and historical data series are also provided. |
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| Information Paper 39 - Alternative Fuels in Australian Transport | May 1994 |
| This Paper reviews the physical characteristics of alternative fuels, technical and economic aspects of production of alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles, environmental, safety and health issues associated with alternative fuel use, factors influencing market acceptance, and policy issues. The emphasis is on the extent of environmental benefits which might result from alternative fuel and the costs involved in making these fuels available. The discussion covers reformulated gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, natural gas, electric vehicles and hydrogen. |
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| Working Paper 10 - Costs of Reducing Greenhouse Gases in Australian Transport | November 1993 |
| The Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics (BTCE) has provided a comprehensive analysis of the range of possible measures for reducing greenhouse gases in the transport sector. The objective of the papers from the BTCE's greenhouse gas project is to: provide information on the work being undertaken by the BTCE; and expose the BTCE's analysis to comment by others. |
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| Occasional Paper 106 - Roads Policy and Australian Federalism | October 1993 |
| While a great deal has been written on the theory and application of optimal road price and investment policy, relatively little attention has been given to the subject of roads policy in practice. This monographís main concern is the latter line of inquiry, focusing attention on the complex of political, legal, economic and institutional factors which have shaped Commonwealth and State government roads policy in Australia since the 1920s through to the 1980s. |
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| Working Paper 4 - Fuel Efficiency of Ships and Aircraft | November 1992 |
| This Working Paper examines past trends in the fuel efficiency of ships and aircraft, and looks at technical developments and economic factors which could yield further improvements. The periodto 2005 has received attention because of the Australian Government's 1990 decision to adopt the Toronto target, as an interim planning measure. This target involved a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol to 20 per cent below 1988 levels, by 2005. |
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| Report 70: Major Marine Oil Spills - Risk and Response | August 1991 |
| This study examines the risk associated with major oil spills (over 1000 tonnes) in open water anywhere on the Australian coast. This differs from previous work which has focused on the more numerous, smaller spills associated with ship operations in ports and sheltered waters. The study also examines the logistic constraints on providing rapid response along the whole length of the coast. |
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| Working Paper 1 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australian Transport | May 1991 |
| The Paper details emissions from various segments of the transport sector, discusses the magnitude of the task involved in reducing transport emissions, and examines the potential for reducing them by alternative means. These include fuel economy improvements, use of alternative fuels, transport system improvements including modal shift, and reductions in discretionary travel. |
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| Information Paper 31 - Transport of Hydrocarbons in the Oil and Gas Industries | March 1989 |
| This Paper is an exploratory attempt to examine the distribution of raw and refined petroleum products by all transport modes over the period 1971-72 to 1986-87. The modal shares of the hydrocarbon movements task have been estimated together with the average growth rate of movements by each mode for that same period. Some origin-destination analysis has been undertaken with analyses of coastal shipping and pipeline movements being the most recent. Annually aggregated tonnages moved by the separate transport modes are the primary focus of this study. This study examines petroleum product movements up to 1986-87 and growth rates have been derived for each of the modal tasks up to this date. No forecasting of future movements shares, which would use these growth rates, is attempted. |
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| Report 53: Marine Oil Spill Risk in Australia | March 1983 |
| Oil spills are basically chance events, their occurrences and characteristics being governed by probability distributions. Many properties of these distributions can be applied, with reasonable confidence, to the prediction of the location, number and size of oil spills around the Australian coast. The analyses described in this Report are aimed at identifying the most appropriate statistical distributions underlying oil spill occurrences in Australia, and at interpreting the results to assist the planning process. In particular, the results are used to estimate future levels and locations of chemical dispersant stockpiles. |
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| Occasional Paper 37 - Consumption of Transport Energy in Australia 1975/76 | November 1980 |
| This Paper represents the second study into the estimation of the consumption of energy by Australian transport. The results of the first study were published in Occasional Paper 4 which was based on data for the year s 1970-71. The present paper covers the years 1975-76. Many problems concerning data and assumptions became obvious during preparation of the original paper. These were reflected in the present study by a considerable effort to improve the quality of the estimates and to underpin the supporting assumptions. As a result the present paper is considered to contain more accurate estimates than those in the original paper. |
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| Occasional Paper 26 - Usage Patterns of Urban Cars: Their Effect on Fuel Consumption and Emissions | September 1978 |
| This report examines the hypothesis that there are no significant differences in the urban usage characteristics of various sized passenger vehicles, and discusses some implications of these results. The purpose of this study, carried out in the Melbourne metropolitan area, was to ascertain whether there were any significant differences in the characteristics which describe the usage pattern of various types of passenger (and other) vehicles, in the context of the measurement of urban emissions and fuel consumption. Such differences would determine whether or not passenger vehicles could be considered to be homogeneous for the purpose of these measurements. This analysis will assist in the assessment of the impact of the Australian urban vehicle fleet enery consumption and emissions production. |
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| Occasional Paper 02 - Transport and Energy in Australia, Part 1 - Review | April 1975 |
| This report contains a survey of recent Australian and overseas literature on the availability and use of energy for transport. This study is provided with a view to improving the basis for decisions on energy supply, demand and price, on transport regulation and on the development of transport technology. |
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| Report 13: Electric Cars | April 1974 |
| The BTE undertook a study of the possible introduction of electric cars in Australia. The results are presented in this Report. |
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| Report 11: Liquefied Petroleum Gas as a Motor Vehicle Fuel | January 1974 |
| This Report is one of two that have been prepared in the BTE to review the state of knowledge in the field of alternative road vehicle technologies and to indicate the magnitude of possible benefits (the other being a report on electric cars). |
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