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| Working paper 74 - Moving urban Australia: can congestion charging unclog our roads? | October 2008 |
| This report reviews the case for congestion charging and provides a policy framework for assessing charging systems. At this time, congestion charging schemes are still in their infancy and evolving in concert with changing policy priorities and system technologies. While individual circumstances determine when and where congestion charging is in the interest of the wider community, some important general lessons can be drawn. |
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| Working paper 72: Air passenger movements through capital city airports to 2025 - 26 | June 2008 |
| This report presents the forecasts of passenger and aircraft traffic at capital city airports over the next 20 years. The forecasts have been developed on the basis of the estimated econometric models of passenger demand and the most recent economic outlook for Australia and its major trading partners. Australia's eight capital city airports (Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney) are included in the development of the forecasts. |
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| Working Paper 70.2 - Ex-post economic evaluation of National Highway projects, Case Study 2: Northam Bypass | August 2007 |
| BTRE's ex-post road investments evaluation project involves systematically reviewing after the fact the projected costs and benefits of major investments. The project complements the recent implementation by jurisdictions of the ATC-endorsed National Guidelines for Transport System Management in Australia. In particular, the project is intended to benefit both future project appraisal and future ex-post evaluation under AusLink and more generally. This analysis was one of the case studies undertaken for the BTRE ex-post road investments evaluation project. The case study provided an example of how to undertake an evaluation of a bypass project involving an improved treatment of delay effects at intersections using the Main Roads Western Australia's WARES evaluation software. |
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| Working Paper 70.1 - Ex-post economic evaluation of National Highway projects, Case Study 1: Wallaville Bridge | June 2007 |
| This analysis is the first in a series of case studies undertaken for the BTRE ex-post road investments evaluation project. The project complements the recent implementation by juristictions of the Australian Transport Council endorsed National Guidelines for Transport System Management in Australia. In particular the project is intended to benefit both future project appraisal and future ex-post evaluation under Auslink and more generally. |
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| Working Paper 69 - Australian maritime trade 2000-01 to 2004-05 | March 2007 |
| Australian maritime trade: 2000-01 to 2004-05 extends data available through the BTRE's Australian Sea Freight publications by including information on markets, shipping lanes, key trade routes, traded commodities and passenger services associated with Australia's maritime trade. |
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| Working Paper 67 - Drivers of Economic Growth in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Region | August 2006 |
| The Greater Sydney Metropolitan Region is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas of Australia. This project improves our understanding of socio-economic drivers of growth in this region. 54 Statistical Local Areas (SLAs) in the region were analysed, and the study covers the period 1991 to 2001. The paper is accompanied by the Drivers of Economic Growth in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan Region database. |
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| Working Paper 68 - Skill Shortages in Australia's Regions | July 2006 |
| Skill shortages are a well documented issue both in Australia and overseas, but the problem itself is not well defined. Most of the previously published work has been conducted on a national or industry wide scale. The BTRE approach focused on the relationship between skill shortages and location, using local skill audits, commissioned reports and industry focused studies. |
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| Working Paper 61 - Is the World Running Out of Oil? A Review of the Debate | February 2005 |
| The possibility of sustained high world oil prices has fuelled concern over long-term supply. The question is particularly relevant for transport as a major user of oil with few viable alternatives. The aim of this Working Paper is to provide an objective summary and analysis of the main issues in the debate. |
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| Working Paper 58 - Investment Trends in the Lower Murray-Darling Basin | October 2003 |
This paper looks at differing investment and growth patterns of irrigation dependent regions along the course of the Murray River. It derives estimates of investment in irrigated agriculture and in the associated manufacturing industries in the regions and then identifies the key underlying causes of regional differences.
The paper shows the importance of governments embracing water management policies that allow users to have confidence in the reliability of supply and an ability to trade in entitlements. It also shows how these policies can build strong, competitive industries that then sustain prosperous and vibrant communities. |
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| Working Paper 57 - Land Transport Infrastructure Pricing: An Introduction | June 2003 |
| At the Australian Logistics Council (ALC) meeting on 7 November 2002, the Council asked BTRE to provide a comparative analysis of current land transport pricing regimes and their objectives and to present the findings at the next Council meeting, held on 27 February 2003. This working paper comprises the paper prepared for the ALC and already released by the ALC as a discussion paper. |
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| Working Paper 56 - State Spending on Roads | June 2003 |
| Over the last few years, the Commonwealth has devoted considerable resources to the task of helping local government authorities maintain and upgrade their road systems. The major initiative was an extra $1.2 billion in road funding paid directly to councils through the Roads to Recovery programme but federal authorities have also been directed to work with their local government counterparts to improve road policies and practices. |
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| Working Paper 55 - Government Interventions in Pursuit of Regional Development: Learning from Experience | June 2003 |
| The questions of why regions grow or fail to grow, and what, if anything, governments can do about it have attracted considerable interest and debate for many years. This report provides a select review of previous government intervention approaches and experiences in pursuit of regional development. The review provides useful insights into the purpose and outcomes of various government-sponsored interventions in Australia, and in a number of other comparable countries. |
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| Working Paper 54 - Regional Public Transport in Australia: Economic Regulation and Assistance Measures | April 2003 |
Regional public transport plays an important role in meeting the needs of Australians living in regional and remote areas for access to essential services and for mobility. This paper provides information on Commonwealth, State and Territory government regulatory arrangements and assistance measures relating to regional public transport in 2001-02.
A companion paper, Regional public transport in Australia: Long-distance services, trends and projections (Working Paper 51), provides information on long-distance regional public transport services in Australia, and includes a snapshot of all such services across Australia in 2000-01 and the level of demand and characteristics of regional passenger travel. |
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| Working Paper 51 - Regional Public Transport In Australia: Long-Distance Services, Trends And Projections | March 2003 |
| Regional public transport plays an important role in meeting the needs of Australians living in regional and remote areas for access to essential services and for mobility. This paper provides information on long-distance regional public transport services in Australia, and includes a snapshot of all such services across Australia in 2000-01 and the level of demand and characteristics of regional passenger travel in 1999-2000. The report also provides projections of likely future long-term trends in regional passenger travel. A companion paper, Regional public transport in Australia: Economic regulation and assistance measures (Working Paper 54), provides information on the regulatory arrangements and assistance measures relating to regional public transport. |
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| Working Paper 53 - Improving Transport on the Warringah Peninsula: Issues And Options | January 2003 |
| Warringah is an established area of Sydney with more limited transport options than are available to residents of other areas of the city. In this study BTRE has sought to analyse the key transport issues and to identify potential improvement options in the context of these issues. The study does not provide definitive analysis of any option. |
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| Working Paper 50 - Australia's Seaborne Containerised Freight: Forecasts to 2010-11 | August 2002 |
| This study analyses and forecasts trends in the usage of containers for the carriage of Australia's seaborne freight over the period 2001-02 to 2010-11. The study also estimates the proportion of 40-foot containers used in Australia's inbound and outbound seaborne trade and assesses the implications of their increasing use over time. |
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| Working Paper 49 - Logistics in Australia: A Preliminary Analysis | October 2001 |
| This Working Paper presents the results of preliminary BTE work on logistics in Australia. It is the first part of a longer-term project on logistics. The Working Paper develops a framework for analysing logistics in Australia, and examines several issues raised by the Secretariat for the Freight Transport Logistics Industry Action Agenda. |
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| Working Paper 48 - Flood Damage in Tamworth: Costs of the November 2000 Flood | September 2001 |
| TTamworth NSW experiences frequent flooding, especially in the industrial area of Taminda. The flood in November 2000 provided an opportunity to estimate the cost savings that would have occurred in Taminda if there had been a levee to protect the area. As part of a wider study by the Bureau of Transport Economics to investigate the benefits of flood mitigation, the effectiveness of the central business district (CBD) levee in preventing flood damage was also part of this study. |
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| Working Paper 43 - Atherton Tablelands Regional Analysis | August 2001 |
| The agriculture based Atherton Tablelands region of Far North Queensland experienced major change after the deregulation of the tobacco industry, and more recently, the dairy industry. The area was previously stable and relatively prosperous, but coping with continual change, unfamiliar market systems and the move to operating professional farm businesses, had caused some levels of distress. This working paper provides a social and economic overview of the region, an assessment of factors affecting the region and a brief discussion of economic development possibilities which might increase the economic resilience of the region. |
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| Working Paper 47 - Regional Impact of the Port of Gladstone | February 2001 |
| This report presents the economic impact of the Port of Gladstone on the Fitzroy region in Queensland. At the time of writing, Gladstone Port was the fourth largest in Australia. By measuring both direct and flow-on effects, the study estimated that the port was responsible for 2.3% of all employment in the region, with a value added contribution of 3.0%. |
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| Working Paper 44 - Spending on Local Roads | February 2001 |
| Local roads are considered by regional communities to be a major contributor to their prosperity and social amenity. This report presents the first detailed picture of local road spending at the regional level. |
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| Working Paper 46 - Regional Impact of the Port of Mackay | February 2001 |
| This paper presents the results of a Bureau of Transport Economics study of the regional impact of the Port of Mackay located on the central coast of Queensland. The port is an important component of the transport chain for sugar and agriculture. By measuring both direct and flow-on effects, the study estimated that the port was responsible for 1.0% of all employment in the region, with a value added contribution of 0.9%. |
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| Working Paper 45 - Brisbane to Melbourne Rail Link: Economic Analysis | October 2000 |
| The Minister for Transport and Regional Services asked the Bureau of Transport Economics to undertake a benefit-cost analysis of the inland rail link between Melbourne and Brisbane being proposed by Australian Transport & Energy Corridor Ltd (ATEC). The analysis relies significantly on information gathered recently for a pre-feasibility study carried out for ATEC. |
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| Working Paper 42 - The Supply of Air Freight Capacity to Asian Markets | March 2000 |
| The financial crisis, which struck the Asian region in 1997, had many profound and far-reaching consequences for both the countries involved and the world as a whole. This study examines one aspect of the impact of the crisis on Australia the adequacy of the air freight network to carry Australian exports to Asian markets. |
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| Working Paper 41 - Regional Aviation Competitiveness | January 2000 |
| Regional airlines can be a lifeline in remote parts of Australia. Competitiveness is an important issue in the regional aviation industry. Although regional aviation has undergone deregulation in most jurisdictions over the last decade, many single-operator routes still exist. The impact of deregulation on air services in regional Australia is an issue of interest to all levels of Government, to the passengers who use regional airlines, and to the regional airlines themselves. |
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| Working Paper 40 - Competitive Neutrality Between Road and Rail | September 1999 |
| If the Commonwealth Government's new tax system (ANTS), and associated legislation such as the Diesel and Alternative Fuels Grants Scheme Bill 1999, had been in place in 1998-99, average input costs for interstate non-bulk rail and interstate non-bulk road would have been 8 per cent and 15 per cent lower, respectively, than actual average input costs in 1998-99. |
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| Working Paper 39 - Urban Transport Models: A Review | October 1998 |
| Transport models have been used for several decades now, both for research, and as an analytical tool to assist planners and decision-makers. To assist both researchers and decision-makers, Dr William (Weiguo) Lu has dissected the major models that have been used to analyse urban transport tasks. This Working Paper therefore represents something of a 'scene-setter' for further work. |
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| Working Paper 38 - Forecasting Light Vehicle Traffic | October 1998 |
| The Bureau of Transport Economics has developed and applied methods for forecasting light vehicle traffic on the nation's roads. This paper describes the methods and provides estimates and projections of light vehicle traffic within major Australian cities and on Australia's principal non-urban highways. |
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| Working Paper 37 - Tradeable Permits in Transport | March 1998 |
| Much of the literature on tradable permits focuses on the international implications of tradable permits or on general theoretical issues. This paper focuses instead on the practical implications for the transport sector of a national or international scheme. |
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| Working Paper 35 - Roads 2020 | October 1997 |
| Using the Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics' Road Infrastructure Assessment Model (RIAM), the Roads 2020 study makes forecasts at a strategic level of expenditure needs for investment and maintenance between 1998 and 2005 and between 2005 and 2020. |
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| Working Paper 32 - Roads, Vehicle Performance and Greenhouse: Costs and Emission Benefits of Smoother Highways | May 1997 |
| Previous BTCE work (Report 94) has established that reductions in pavement roughness reduce fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions (end-use only) and vehicle operating costs. This Paper evaluates the effects on greenhouse gas emissions and vehicle operating costs of reducing the roughness of the National Highway System and the Pacific Highway over the period 1996-2015. The analysis takes account of the emissions involved in the production, transport and application of road rehabilitation materials. Some results of case studies of recently completed highway rehabilitation projects are included in the Paper. |
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| Working Paper 29 - Employment Effects of Road Construction | December 1996 |
| The Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics (BTCE) is examining a number of issues in measuring the benefits of transport infrastructure investment. The issue examined in this paper is how to estimate the employment effects of road construction activity. Other papers from the same project have examined regional development effects, and certain tools for evaluating benefits. |
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| Working Paper 26 - Valuing Transport Safety in Australia | September 1996 |
| The value of transport safety is an important input to decisions on policies and investments with safety implications and for measuring the burden of transport accidents to the community. There are a number of approaches which may be used in valuing transport safety. The purpose of this Working Paper is to provide an appraisal of the approaches available and issues involved in valuing transport safety along with a survey of international developments. |
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| Working Paper 28 - Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme: Discussion Paper September 1996 | September 1996 |
| This report examines the appropriateness of established rates of assistance for the shipping of cargo to and from Tasmania and proposes rate amendments for different commodities and different units for the shipment of those commodities. It was undertaken by BTCE as a preliminary analysis to assist the Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme Review Authority to undertake a more thorough examination of these issues at the request of the Minister for Transport and Regional Development. |
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| Working Paper 25 - Econometric Evidence on the Benefits of Infrastructure Investment: an Australian Perspective | May 1996 |
| This Working Paper forms part of a research project investigating into certain issues concerned with measuring the benefits of investment in transport infrastructure. The focus of the project is on possible benefits from increased employment; and benefits often claimed to be significant but understated by benefit-cost analyses, especially; cost savings from business logistic responses to improvements in infrastructure (for example, substitution of transport for inventory); rural regional development benefits; and the indirect benefits that an item of transport infrastructure provides to non-users of that infrastructure. |
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| Working Paper 21 - Code Sharing in International Aviation: a Discussion Paper | February 1996 |
| This Paper has been produced to inform debate on an issue of growing significance in the aviation industry. The increasing incidence of code sharing between airlines has met with a mixed reception within the industry and government circles. It has been criticised as a form of consumer deception; it has been seen as a force both for and against competitive markets and improved service quality; and it has been pursued by airlines as a service and profit maximising strategy. |
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| Working Paper 20 - Demand Elasticities for Air Travel to and from Australia | December 1995 |
| This Working Paper explains why sound demand elasticities are of key importance to any assessment of the impact on passenger demand of changes to air services or aviation infrastructure. Using quarterly data from 1986 to 1993, the study provides updated and disaggregated estimates for Australia international travel markets through the development of econometric demand models. Twelve markets are examined: Australia-Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States of America. The demand characteristics of different nationalities and passengers travelling for different purposes are identified and incorporated into the analysis. |
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| Working Paper 19 - General Aviation Survey Preliminary Results | November 1995 |
| During 1994 BTCE conducted a series of surveys of the General Aviation (GA) industry. These were the BTCE Survey of General Aviation 1994 (Air Operator Certificate Holders), which covered commercial GA operators and the BTCE Survey of General Aviation 1994 (Aircraft Owners), which covered business fliers and recreational fliers who own aircraft. This Paper contains the preliminary results of these surveys. |
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| Working Paper 18 - Economic Effects of a Brisbane - Melbourne Inland Railway | June 1995 |
| Like some other freight-oriented rail investments, the inland railway has been advocated partly on the grounds that it will stimulate the economies of some rural regions. Examined in this paper are the effects of inland railway on the agricultural and mining industries of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland. |
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| Working Paper 15 - Urban Congestion: Modelling Traffic Patterns, Delays and Optimal Tolls | May 1995 |
| This Paper provides an account of preliminary work on urban traffic congestion that forms part of the BTCE project on Urban Transport Externalities. The project is concerned with a range of external impacts of urban transport. Congestion is just one of these impacts but, because it is so intimately related to the traffic patterns which give rise to the others, it has been made the focus of the initial work. |
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| Working Paper 14.5 - Adequacy of Transport Infrastructure: Urban Roads | January 1995 |
| This Working Paper is the fifth in a series of Working Papers which disseminates the results of a large research project into the adequacy of Australia's transport infrastructure over the next 20 years. The assessment covers all four modes of transport - road, rail, air and sea - with the primary focus on freight. |
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| Working Paper 14.6 - Adequacy of transport infrastructure Multimodal | January 1995 |
| This Working Paper is the sixth in a series of Working Papers which disseminates the results of a large research project into the adequacy of Australia's transport infrastructure over the next 20 years. The assessment covers all four modes of transport - road, rail, air and sea - with the primary focus on freight. |
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| Working Paper 14.1 - Adequacy of Transport Infrastructure: Intercity Roads | December 1994 |
| This Working Paper is the first in a series of Working Papers which disseminates the results of a large research project into the adequacy of Australia's transport infrastructure over the next 20 years. The assessment covers all four modes of transport - road, rail, air and sea - with the primary focus on freight. |
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| Working Paper 14.2 - Adequacy of transport Infrastructure: Rail | December 1994 |
| This Working Paper is the second in a series of Working Papers which disseminates the results of a large research project into the adequacy of Australia's transport infrastructure over the next 20 years. The assessment covers all four modes of transport - road, rail, air and sea - with the primary focus on freight. |
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| Working Paper 14.3 - Adequacy of Transport Infrastructure: Seaports | December 1994 |
| This Working Paper is the third in a series of Working Papers which disseminates the results of a large research project into the adequacy of Australia's transport infrastructure over the next 20 years. The assessment covers all four modes of transport - road, rail, air and sea - with the primary focus on freight. |
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| Working Paper 14.4 - Adequacy of Transport Infrastructure: Airports | December 1994 |
| This Working Paper is the fourth in a series of Working Papers which disseminates the results of a large research project into the adequacy of Australia's transport infrastructure over the next 20 years. The assessment covers all four modes of transport - road, rail, air and sea - with the primary focus on freight. |
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| Working Paper 10 - Costs of Reducing Greenhouse Gases in Australian Transport | November 1993 |
| The Bureau of Transport and Communications Economics (BTCE) has provided a comprehensive analysis of the range of possible measures for reducing greenhouse gases in the transport sector. The objective of the papers from the BTCE's greenhouse gas project is to: provide information on the work being undertaken by the BTCE; and expose the BTCE's analysis to comment by others. |
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| Working Paper 9 - Cost - Effectiveness of 'Black Spot' Treatments : A Pilot Study | October 1993 |
| This Paper presents the results of an evaluation of 5 1 'Black Spot' projects funded by the Australian Government, 26 in Victoria and 25 in New South Wales. The evaluation was based on the record of accidents before and after approved treatments were put in place. In order to isolate actual treatment effects, adjustments were made to take account of the major recent decline in accidents in suitable control areas. |
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| Working Paper 4 - Fuel Efficiency of Ships and Aircraft | November 1992 |
| This Working Paper examines past trends in the fuel efficiency of ships and aircraft, and looks at technical developments and economic factors which could yield further improvements. The periodto 2005 has received attention because of the Australian Government's 1990 decision to adopt the Toronto target, as an interim planning measure. This target involved a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol to 20 per cent below 1988 levels, by 2005. |
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| Working Paper 5 - The Japan-Australia Air Route | June 1992 |
| BTCE undertook this study to identify and analyse the factors which have influenced the supply and demand for air services on the Australia-Japan route and to examine the future prospects for the route. The study examined the factors which influence the Japanese overseas travel market, such as government policies, the supply of aviation infra-structure, the structure of the Japanese tour consolidation industry and the conduct of the airlines operating on the route. It also examined how the prices of holiday packages to Australia compared with similar packages to competing destinations. |
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| Working Paper 2 - Short Term Forecasting of Transport and Communications Activity | July 1991 |
| This Paper provides a description of the short-term forecasting models used in the Bureau's quarterly publication - Transport and Communications Indicators. For domestic freight, four models cover intercapital road freight, non-bulk government rail freight, bulk government rail freight and domestic air freight. Urban freight activity is not covered. For overseas trade there are also four models: bulk export tonnages, non-bulk import tonnages, air freight exports and air freight imports. |
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| Working Paper 1 - Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australian Transport | May 1991 |
| The Paper details emissions from various segments of the transport sector, discusses the magnitude of the task involved in reducing transport emissions, and examines the potential for reducing them by alternative means. These include fuel economy improvements, use of alternative fuels, transport system improvements including modal shift, and reductions in discretionary travel. |
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